Salam . Baru saja install windows live essential 2011. and now trying to upload from windows live writer to my blog. Testing testing…..he..hee
Sunday, October 10, 2010
Monday, October 4, 2010
Dai atau Daki???
Dakwah ialah satu kewajipan dan satu kemulian bagi umat ini. Tugas menyeru kepada kebaikan dan mencegah kemungkaran ini adalah sebaik-baik kerja yang ditugaskan kepada kita.
Setiap orang telah Allah meletakkan penghargaan sebagai khaira ummati iaitu sebaik-baik umat,hanya kerana tugas dakwah ini.
Firman Allah SWT, maksudnya:
"Kamu (wahai umat Muhammad) adalah sebaik-baik umat yang dilahirkan, (kerana) kamu menyuruh berbuat segala perkara yang baik dan melarang daripada segala perkara yang salah (buruk dan keji), serta kamu pula beriman kepada Allah (dengan sebenar-benar iman)." (Surah Ali-Imran: Ayat 110)
"Dan tidak ada yang lebih baik perkataannya daripada orang yang menyeru kepada (mengesakan dan mematuhi perintah) Allah, serta ia sendiri mengerjakan amal yang salih, sambil berkata: "Sesungguhnya aku adalah dari orang- orang Islam (yang berserah bulat-bulat kepada Allah)!" (Surah Fussilat:Ayat 33)
Apakah itu dakwah?
Dakwah ialah mengajak kepada kebaikan dan menghalang daripada kerosakan. Dakwah juga banyak pecahan dan bentuk-bentuknya. Cukuplah untuk kita faham bahawa dakwah itu hukumnya wajib kpd setiap individu dgn tahap yg berbeza-beza.
Dai bukan Daki
Sesuatu yang menyayat hati dan telah lama saya pendam dalam-dalam. Biarlah saya ceritakan supaya ia menjadi iktibar. Saya terkilan dengan beberapa kelompok manusia yang kononnya melaksanakan dakwah, melaksanakan amar makruf nahi mungkar tapi dalam masa yang sama mereka tertinggal satu elemen yang sangat penting dalam berdakwah. Peristiwa ini berlaku kepada kenalan saya sendiri. Dia hebat. Dalam banyak perkara, saya kagum dengan dia. Cuma saya terkilan dengan tindakan melulunya dalam melabel manusia dengan gelaran yang buruk. Tiada sifat berbaik sangka.
Kesilapan Kita
Kita jahil. Oleh itu, kira perlu mempelajari ilmu. Kita tidak sedar, bahawa tugas kita hanyalah menyeru manusia kepada kebaikan, bukannya melaknat manusia. Apa yang terjadi, si dai itu marahkan sahabatnya yang kononnya suka mencarut, lalu tanpa berfikir panjang sahabat itu dilabel sebagai syaitan lalu dihebahkannya pula. Apa kurangnya dia dengan syaitan? Hanya tahu memalukan orang lain sahaja!
Tembok Kebencian
Saya pasti ini adalah salah satu punca mengapa golongan yang menyeru kepada kebaikan dibenci. Mereka bukan dibenci kerana tanggungjawab Islam, sebaliknya dibenci kerana kecurangan mereka, menjual nama Islam dengan nafsu. Ramai daripada kita yang menegur, berdakwah dan menasihat kerana kepentingan peribadi seperti mahu dipandang mulia oleh orang lain.
Ada. Saya sangat pasti mengenai kewujudan golongan ini. Lebih-lebih lagi di laman sosial atau di blog. Dia akan menghentam orang itu habis-habisan, melabelnya dengan label yang keji kerana mahu menunjukkan dirinya baik. Tidakkah kita sedar, bahawa Iblis yang pernah menjadi penghulu para malaikat dihalau keluar dari syurga kerana ucapan keramat, "Ana khairun minhu," maksudnya "Aku lebih baik daripada dia!"
Bersangka Baik
Husnudzon. Semua orang tahu. Tahu sebut, tahu berhujah tetapi tidak tahu mempraktikkannya. Bersangka baiklah sesama makhluk. Mungkin orang yang kita tegur itu, hari ni dia tidak mahu dengar, tapi jangan sesekali kita mencanangkan keburukannya.
Pada zaman Rasulullah dahulu, Rasulullah telah menyenaraikan 360-370 nama orang munafik dan ia adalah rahsia. Ia adalah rahsia! Sedangkan Rasulullah pun merahsiakan nama orang munafik, apakah kita lebih mulia daripada Rasulullah untuk menyatakan si polan itu syaitan dan si polan itu orang yang tertutup hatinya?
Hikmah Kebijaksaan
Allah berfirman maksudnya: "Serulah ke jalan Tuhanmu (wahai Muhammad) dengan hikmat kebijaksanaan dan nasihat pengajaran yang baik, dan berbahaslah dengan mereka (yang engkau serukan itu) dengan cara yang lebih baik sesungguhnya Tuhanmu Dialah jua yang lebih mengetahui akan orangyang sesat daripada jalan-Nya, dan Dialah jua yang lebih mengetahui akan orang-orang yang mendapat hidayah pertunjuk."(Surah An-Nahl: Ayat 125)
Apa yang kita faham tentang hikmah? Ibn Khatsir menafsirkan hikmah itu dengan kemampuan seseorang menerima teguran kita. Kalau orang tua, tegurlah dengan cara orang tua. Kalau kawan-kawan, tegurlah dengan cara kawan.
"Jika kamu menegur saudaramu dalam sembunyi (face to face), maka kamu telah menjalankan tanggungjawabmu, sebaliknya jika kamu menegurnya di khalayak umum, maka kamu telah membogelkannya di depan orang ramai."
Imam Syafie
Keburukan orang lain bukannya bahan untuk dijadikan senda tawa, atau topik umpatan, sebaliknya keaiban orang lain harus kita pelihara. Jika dia sudah insaf, Alhamdulillah. Jika masih belum insaf, teruskan berusaha. Itu saja.
Menanam Bunga
Bagi saya, orang yang berdakwah ini sama seperti orang yang menanam bunga. Ini bukan kerja yang hasilnya ekspres. Kita tidak boleh mengaharap bahawa jika hari ni kita dakwah, esok dia akan berubah. Tidak sama sekali! Sama seperti orang menanam bunga, kerjanya takkan selesai dengan hanya menyemai benih. Dia perlu menyiram, membaja dan melindungi pokok daripada serangan serangga perosak.
Dakwah juga memerlukan kita perlu dekati mad'u hari-hari. Nasihat setiap hari. Sayang pun setiap hari. Dan itu terlaksana jika kita hubungan persahabatan kita dengan mereka baik. Usah kita mudah melaknat pokok yang belum berbunga, kerana itu mungkin tanda bajanya masih kurang, airnya tidak cukup, atau mungkin persekitarannya tidak sihat. Siapa tahu? Atau mungkin juga kerana Tuhan memang tidak mahu dia tumbuh berbunga, siapa boleh bantah?
Kesimpulan
Harus kita ingat, kewajipan kita ialah menegur kesalahan, menasihati kekurangan dan mencegah kemungkaran. Allah tidak menyuruh kita mengumpat apatah lagi mencanang keburukan orang lain. Persaudaraan Islam itu perlu dijaga bahkan asas dalam berdakwah ialah kasih sayang. Jangan lagi menegur kerana benci atau dendam. Tegurlah kerana sayang.
Jangan membenci pelaku maksiat, sebaliknya benci hanya kepada maksiat yang dilakukan. Akibat jahil dan tidak berhikmah, orang lain bukan sahaja menjadi semakin jauh daripada Islam sebaliknya membenci Islam. Siapa yang mahu bertanggungjawab di atas perkara ini? Kita selalu mengina orang lain kerana kesilapan yang dilakukannya, tapi pernahkah kita mendoakan mereka? Adakah kita dai atau daki?
credit to IluvIslam.com
Setiap orang telah Allah meletakkan penghargaan sebagai khaira ummati iaitu sebaik-baik umat,hanya kerana tugas dakwah ini.
Firman Allah SWT, maksudnya:
"Kamu (wahai umat Muhammad) adalah sebaik-baik umat yang dilahirkan, (kerana) kamu menyuruh berbuat segala perkara yang baik dan melarang daripada segala perkara yang salah (buruk dan keji), serta kamu pula beriman kepada Allah (dengan sebenar-benar iman)." (Surah Ali-Imran: Ayat 110)
"Dan tidak ada yang lebih baik perkataannya daripada orang yang menyeru kepada (mengesakan dan mematuhi perintah) Allah, serta ia sendiri mengerjakan amal yang salih, sambil berkata: "Sesungguhnya aku adalah dari orang- orang Islam (yang berserah bulat-bulat kepada Allah)!" (Surah Fussilat:Ayat 33)
Apakah itu dakwah?
Dakwah ialah mengajak kepada kebaikan dan menghalang daripada kerosakan. Dakwah juga banyak pecahan dan bentuk-bentuknya. Cukuplah untuk kita faham bahawa dakwah itu hukumnya wajib kpd setiap individu dgn tahap yg berbeza-beza.
Dai bukan Daki
Sesuatu yang menyayat hati dan telah lama saya pendam dalam-dalam. Biarlah saya ceritakan supaya ia menjadi iktibar. Saya terkilan dengan beberapa kelompok manusia yang kononnya melaksanakan dakwah, melaksanakan amar makruf nahi mungkar tapi dalam masa yang sama mereka tertinggal satu elemen yang sangat penting dalam berdakwah. Peristiwa ini berlaku kepada kenalan saya sendiri. Dia hebat. Dalam banyak perkara, saya kagum dengan dia. Cuma saya terkilan dengan tindakan melulunya dalam melabel manusia dengan gelaran yang buruk. Tiada sifat berbaik sangka.
Kesilapan Kita
Kita jahil. Oleh itu, kira perlu mempelajari ilmu. Kita tidak sedar, bahawa tugas kita hanyalah menyeru manusia kepada kebaikan, bukannya melaknat manusia. Apa yang terjadi, si dai itu marahkan sahabatnya yang kononnya suka mencarut, lalu tanpa berfikir panjang sahabat itu dilabel sebagai syaitan lalu dihebahkannya pula. Apa kurangnya dia dengan syaitan? Hanya tahu memalukan orang lain sahaja!
Tembok Kebencian
Saya pasti ini adalah salah satu punca mengapa golongan yang menyeru kepada kebaikan dibenci. Mereka bukan dibenci kerana tanggungjawab Islam, sebaliknya dibenci kerana kecurangan mereka, menjual nama Islam dengan nafsu. Ramai daripada kita yang menegur, berdakwah dan menasihat kerana kepentingan peribadi seperti mahu dipandang mulia oleh orang lain.
Ada. Saya sangat pasti mengenai kewujudan golongan ini. Lebih-lebih lagi di laman sosial atau di blog. Dia akan menghentam orang itu habis-habisan, melabelnya dengan label yang keji kerana mahu menunjukkan dirinya baik. Tidakkah kita sedar, bahawa Iblis yang pernah menjadi penghulu para malaikat dihalau keluar dari syurga kerana ucapan keramat, "Ana khairun minhu," maksudnya "Aku lebih baik daripada dia!"
Bersangka Baik
Husnudzon. Semua orang tahu. Tahu sebut, tahu berhujah tetapi tidak tahu mempraktikkannya. Bersangka baiklah sesama makhluk. Mungkin orang yang kita tegur itu, hari ni dia tidak mahu dengar, tapi jangan sesekali kita mencanangkan keburukannya.
Pada zaman Rasulullah dahulu, Rasulullah telah menyenaraikan 360-370 nama orang munafik dan ia adalah rahsia. Ia adalah rahsia! Sedangkan Rasulullah pun merahsiakan nama orang munafik, apakah kita lebih mulia daripada Rasulullah untuk menyatakan si polan itu syaitan dan si polan itu orang yang tertutup hatinya?
Hikmah Kebijaksaan
Allah berfirman maksudnya: "Serulah ke jalan Tuhanmu (wahai Muhammad) dengan hikmat kebijaksanaan dan nasihat pengajaran yang baik, dan berbahaslah dengan mereka (yang engkau serukan itu) dengan cara yang lebih baik sesungguhnya Tuhanmu Dialah jua yang lebih mengetahui akan orangyang sesat daripada jalan-Nya, dan Dialah jua yang lebih mengetahui akan orang-orang yang mendapat hidayah pertunjuk."(Surah An-Nahl: Ayat 125)
Apa yang kita faham tentang hikmah? Ibn Khatsir menafsirkan hikmah itu dengan kemampuan seseorang menerima teguran kita. Kalau orang tua, tegurlah dengan cara orang tua. Kalau kawan-kawan, tegurlah dengan cara kawan.
"Jika kamu menegur saudaramu dalam sembunyi (face to face), maka kamu telah menjalankan tanggungjawabmu, sebaliknya jika kamu menegurnya di khalayak umum, maka kamu telah membogelkannya di depan orang ramai."
Imam Syafie
Keburukan orang lain bukannya bahan untuk dijadikan senda tawa, atau topik umpatan, sebaliknya keaiban orang lain harus kita pelihara. Jika dia sudah insaf, Alhamdulillah. Jika masih belum insaf, teruskan berusaha. Itu saja.
Menanam Bunga
Bagi saya, orang yang berdakwah ini sama seperti orang yang menanam bunga. Ini bukan kerja yang hasilnya ekspres. Kita tidak boleh mengaharap bahawa jika hari ni kita dakwah, esok dia akan berubah. Tidak sama sekali! Sama seperti orang menanam bunga, kerjanya takkan selesai dengan hanya menyemai benih. Dia perlu menyiram, membaja dan melindungi pokok daripada serangan serangga perosak.
Dakwah juga memerlukan kita perlu dekati mad'u hari-hari. Nasihat setiap hari. Sayang pun setiap hari. Dan itu terlaksana jika kita hubungan persahabatan kita dengan mereka baik. Usah kita mudah melaknat pokok yang belum berbunga, kerana itu mungkin tanda bajanya masih kurang, airnya tidak cukup, atau mungkin persekitarannya tidak sihat. Siapa tahu? Atau mungkin juga kerana Tuhan memang tidak mahu dia tumbuh berbunga, siapa boleh bantah?
Kesimpulan
Harus kita ingat, kewajipan kita ialah menegur kesalahan, menasihati kekurangan dan mencegah kemungkaran. Allah tidak menyuruh kita mengumpat apatah lagi mencanang keburukan orang lain. Persaudaraan Islam itu perlu dijaga bahkan asas dalam berdakwah ialah kasih sayang. Jangan lagi menegur kerana benci atau dendam. Tegurlah kerana sayang.
Jangan membenci pelaku maksiat, sebaliknya benci hanya kepada maksiat yang dilakukan. Akibat jahil dan tidak berhikmah, orang lain bukan sahaja menjadi semakin jauh daripada Islam sebaliknya membenci Islam. Siapa yang mahu bertanggungjawab di atas perkara ini? Kita selalu mengina orang lain kerana kesilapan yang dilakukannya, tapi pernahkah kita mendoakan mereka? Adakah kita dai atau daki?
credit to IluvIslam.com
Monday, August 16, 2010
Antioxidants attacked
There are established links between the consumption of foods containing high levels of antioxidants and protection against diseases related to oxidative stress, such as diabetes, cancer, stroke and heart disease. As a result, there is great interest in the measurement of antioxidant levels in fruit, vegetables and beverages, as well as human biological fluids.
The better methods separate the antioxidants first before measurements are taken, so that the levels of individual compounds can be determined, rather than simply the total levels of antioxidants present. To this end, several methods based on HPLC have been developed and one of more popular ones involves a free radical scavenger.
A solution containing the 2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical is added post-column to react with the separated antioxidants, which are radical scavenging species. This reaction depletes the radicals and their purple colour is changed to a pale yellow as the corresponding hydrazine derivative is formed. The antioxidants are measured from the change in absorbance by a UV-visible detector.
There are many different published versions of this assay, with such variations as the size of the DPPH reaction coil, the reaction conditions and the solution flow rate. Now, researchers in Australia have attempted to produce the definitive DPPH method by optimising the experimental factors believed to influence the reaction with antioxidants.
Paul Francis and colleagues from Deakin University, Geelong, and the University of Western Sydney used eight common food-based antioxidants as model compounds, such as caffeic acid, ferulic acid, quercetin and rutin. Mixtures of the analytes were separated on a monolithic silica column with a methanol-citrate buffer as mobile phase.
They optimised the concentration and pH of the DPPH solution and studied the effects of degassing the reagent solution with nitrogen or helium. The length and temperature of the reaction coil were also examined.
The chosen set of conditions was then applied to the analysis of antioxidants in an extract of dried thyme and an infusion of green tea. For thyme, the same compounds were detected as in published studies, but their peaks were significantly more intense. In addition, the shorter reaction coil provided greater chromatographic resolution.
The antioxidants were more concentrated in the tea infusion than in thyme. However, the optimised procedure provided better resolution, displaying four distinct peaks in one region where the published methods displayed two broad peaks with shoulders.
So, by careful examination of the individual factors involved in the reaction of DPPH with the antioxidants, better sensitivity and resolution were achieved, although their detection limits were not published in this report.
A team of Turkish researchers took a different view to the DPPH methods, claiming they have several inherent weaknesses, including the short lifetimes of the DPPH radicals. Their alternative was to apply the CUPRAC reagent, which was developed in their own lab, and has been shown to be less dependent than other post-column reagents on pH, mobile phase composition, dissolved oxygen and daylight.
CUPRAC is the Cupric Reducing Antioxidant Capacity method and uses a Cu(II)-neocuprine reagent for the post-column reduction of antioxidants eluting from the column. The change in absorbance of the reagent at 450 nm is measured for antioxidant quantitation, as the reagent colour is changed from light blue to pale yellow during its reduction to the Cu(I)-neocuprine complex.
Resat Apak and co-researchers from Istanbul University optimised their method using standard solutions of common antioxidants. They were detected at 280 nm after elution from a C18 column with a gradient of methanol in ortho-phosphoric acid, before post-column reaction with CUPRAC in a reaction coil and detection at 450 nm.
The detection limits were about 0.2-3.5 µM, which were up to two orders of magnitude lower than previously reported values for the DPPH assay. The linear calibration ranges were 40-200 µM.
The method was demonstrated with the analyses of the antioxidants in extracts of dried green tea, mint and sweet marjoram. The main antioxidants were identified in each case and their contributions to the total antioxidant content were estimated. Flavonoids, phenolic compounds such as catechins, and hydroxycinnamic acids were found.
The researchers preferred the CUPRAC reagent because it did not suffer some of the problems encountered with DPPH, such as sensitivity to air, light, solvents and complex reaction kinetics. It facilitated the analysis of the antioxidants in plants and should provide a competitive alternative to the existing radical-based assays.
Related links:
* Analytica Chimica Acta 2010 (Article in Press): "High-performance liquid chromatography with post-column 2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging assay: Methodological considerations and application to complex samples"
* Analytica Chimica Acta 2010, 674, 79-88: "Determination of antioxidants by a novel on-line HPLC-cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) assay with post-column detection"
The better methods separate the antioxidants first before measurements are taken, so that the levels of individual compounds can be determined, rather than simply the total levels of antioxidants present. To this end, several methods based on HPLC have been developed and one of more popular ones involves a free radical scavenger.
A solution containing the 2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical is added post-column to react with the separated antioxidants, which are radical scavenging species. This reaction depletes the radicals and their purple colour is changed to a pale yellow as the corresponding hydrazine derivative is formed. The antioxidants are measured from the change in absorbance by a UV-visible detector.
There are many different published versions of this assay, with such variations as the size of the DPPH reaction coil, the reaction conditions and the solution flow rate. Now, researchers in Australia have attempted to produce the definitive DPPH method by optimising the experimental factors believed to influence the reaction with antioxidants.
Paul Francis and colleagues from Deakin University, Geelong, and the University of Western Sydney used eight common food-based antioxidants as model compounds, such as caffeic acid, ferulic acid, quercetin and rutin. Mixtures of the analytes were separated on a monolithic silica column with a methanol-citrate buffer as mobile phase.
They optimised the concentration and pH of the DPPH solution and studied the effects of degassing the reagent solution with nitrogen or helium. The length and temperature of the reaction coil were also examined.
The chosen set of conditions was then applied to the analysis of antioxidants in an extract of dried thyme and an infusion of green tea. For thyme, the same compounds were detected as in published studies, but their peaks were significantly more intense. In addition, the shorter reaction coil provided greater chromatographic resolution.
The antioxidants were more concentrated in the tea infusion than in thyme. However, the optimised procedure provided better resolution, displaying four distinct peaks in one region where the published methods displayed two broad peaks with shoulders.
So, by careful examination of the individual factors involved in the reaction of DPPH with the antioxidants, better sensitivity and resolution were achieved, although their detection limits were not published in this report.
A team of Turkish researchers took a different view to the DPPH methods, claiming they have several inherent weaknesses, including the short lifetimes of the DPPH radicals. Their alternative was to apply the CUPRAC reagent, which was developed in their own lab, and has been shown to be less dependent than other post-column reagents on pH, mobile phase composition, dissolved oxygen and daylight.
CUPRAC is the Cupric Reducing Antioxidant Capacity method and uses a Cu(II)-neocuprine reagent for the post-column reduction of antioxidants eluting from the column. The change in absorbance of the reagent at 450 nm is measured for antioxidant quantitation, as the reagent colour is changed from light blue to pale yellow during its reduction to the Cu(I)-neocuprine complex.
Resat Apak and co-researchers from Istanbul University optimised their method using standard solutions of common antioxidants. They were detected at 280 nm after elution from a C18 column with a gradient of methanol in ortho-phosphoric acid, before post-column reaction with CUPRAC in a reaction coil and detection at 450 nm.
The detection limits were about 0.2-3.5 µM, which were up to two orders of magnitude lower than previously reported values for the DPPH assay. The linear calibration ranges were 40-200 µM.
The method was demonstrated with the analyses of the antioxidants in extracts of dried green tea, mint and sweet marjoram. The main antioxidants were identified in each case and their contributions to the total antioxidant content were estimated. Flavonoids, phenolic compounds such as catechins, and hydroxycinnamic acids were found.
The researchers preferred the CUPRAC reagent because it did not suffer some of the problems encountered with DPPH, such as sensitivity to air, light, solvents and complex reaction kinetics. It facilitated the analysis of the antioxidants in plants and should provide a competitive alternative to the existing radical-based assays.
Related links:
* Analytica Chimica Acta 2010 (Article in Press): "High-performance liquid chromatography with post-column 2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging assay: Methodological considerations and application to complex samples"
* Analytica Chimica Acta 2010, 674, 79-88: "Determination of antioxidants by a novel on-line HPLC-cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) assay with post-column detection"
Wednesday, May 12, 2010
Tiada siapa yang berhak mengaku ikhlas....
IKHLAS adalah paling tinggi selepas iman. Ia adalah rahsia Tuhan hinggakan para malaikat pun tidak tahu dan yang empunya diri pun tidak dapat mengesannya.
Ia adalah penentu samada amalan diterima atau ditolak.
Ada para sahabat apabila mendengar tentang ikhlas menangis mereka. Mereka merasa tidak selamat, rasanya tidak mungkin dapat perolehinya yang begitu tinggi nilainya kerana susahnya mendapat sifat ikhlas.
Islam tidak membenarkan seseorang mengaku ikhlas.
Siapa yang mengaku ikhlas walaupun sebelum ini ikhlas, automatik, ikhlasnya terbatal.
Contoh-contoh bagaimana yang dikatakan mengaku ikhlas: Membantu seseorang sambil berkata,
"Ambillah, saya ikhlas…"
Menolong seseorang tapi pertolongannya ditolak.
"Saya tolong awak ini ikhlas, tapi sedih, awak menolak.."
Dalam menulis surat kita selalu mengakhiri dengan tandatangan, "Yang ikhlas." "Yang Benar."
Dalam Islam, mengaku baik adalah salah. Siapa yang mengaku ikhlas, siang-siang lagi terbatal. Tiada siapa yang mengetahui siapa yang ikhlas sekalipun yang empunya diri.
Tiada siapa yang berhak mengaku ikhlas, Cuma berusaha moga-moga jadi ikhlas dan moga-moga diterima Allah.
Erti Ikhlas
Murni, bersih, jenis dia sahaja, tidak bercampur jenis-jenis yang lain. Tidak dinodai seperti air yang tidak bercampur dengan sabun, tepung, sebab apabila sudah bercampur dengan benda lain, sudah tidak khalis lagi (tidak pure).
Begitulah dalam beramal, solat, zakat, baca Quran,mengajar, berdakwah, menolong, motivasi, forum, ceramah, belajar, semata-mata kerana Allah: kerana suruhan-Nya kerana keredhaan-Nya kerana arahan-Nya kerana mentaati-Nya kerana patuh pada-Nya
Jadi, perkara di atas adalah dari sebab atau kerana-Nya yang satu, tujuan
satu, dan didorong oleh yang satu iaitu Allah. Abdikan diri kerana Allah,
tidak dicampur atau bercampur selain Allah - itulah ikhlas - dorongannya
satu.
Apa yang nak berlaku atau nak jadi atau tidak jadi, tidak timbul sama sekali sebab niat semata-mata kerana Allah.
Sekiranya niat, dorongannya telah tercampur atau terselit niat-niat yang lain dari Allah seperti kerana riak, megah, glamor, pangkat, orang minta, takut orang tidak suka, mental exercise, boring tinggal di rumah, undi, uji kemampuan, hendak berlawan, hendakkan piala, hadiah, kerana kawan - maka ia tidak khalis atau ikhlas telah ternoda. Dengan itu boleh jatuh syirik khafi.
Di akhirat nanti Allah menyuruh dia meminta pada orang yang dia niat kerananya. Allah tidak balas kebaikan itu kerana ia mempunyai "kerana-kerana" yang selain dari "kerana Allah".
Untuk ikhlas, sebenarnya amat susah sekali terutama yang ada kaitan kepentingan umum atau orang ramai yakni yang terdedah kepada pandangan umum seperti berdakwah, mengajar, gotong-royong, baca Al-Quran di depan orang, forum, upacara memberi hadiah - lebih-lebih lagi orang yang tidak memikirkan hati lalu hati dibiar dan terbiar.
Jarang diambil kira, selalunya ramai yang terjebak.
Khususul Nafs - kepentingan diri seperti ingin popular, disedari atau tidak kerana kurang menyuluh hati. Awal-awal lagi nawaitu (niat) telah rosak seperti membuat rumah di atas lumpur.
Ada tiga jenis kerosakan yang berlaku pada 3 jenis kedudukan:
- awal
- pertengahan
- akhir
Kerosakan awal contohnya seperti berdakwah. Sebelum memberi ceramah, hati kecilnya berkata:
"Inilah masanya nak jadi popular" "Aku akan jadi terkenal…" "Dengan ceramah ini dapatlah duit poket."
Ada juga yang berniat untuk menghentam seseorang atau golongan tertentu sebelum berceramah, akibatnya rosaklah ikhlasnya ibarat orang yang melukis di atas air.
Kerosakan pertengahan pula contohnya niat untuk berceramah sudah baik tetapi sewaktu berceramah, ada pendengar yang angguk-angguk atau ada yang menangis kerana mendengar ceramah yang memberi kesan itu hingga hati kecil kita berkata: "Hebat juga aku hingga ada orang boleh terima ceramah ini dan ada pula yang menangis."
Kerosakan akhir pula contohnya niat dan sewaktu berceramah tidak ada apa-apa yang rosak, berjalan dengan baik tetapi sewaktu balik dari berceramah ada kawan yang datang bersama di dalam kereta berkata: "Hebat betul ceramah ustaz tadi hingga ada yang menangis."
Waktu itu maka datanglah rasa ujub hingga lupa ia semua itu datang dari Allah jua. Sepatutnya ia merasa malu kerana ini semua bukan dari dirinya tetapi hakikatnya dari Allah. Orang begitu ibarat membangunkan rumah tiba-tiba siap sahaja rumah itu terus runtuh.
Orang ramai yang mendengar ceramah tersebut juga tidak berubah sebab hati sudah cacat. Mereka memuji kita, tetapi tetap tidak berubah sebab dari rasa riak. Sifat taqwa sudah ternafi. Oleh itu buatlah kerja-kerja dengan penuh tawadhuk, takut dan cemas samada diterima amalan kita atau ditolak.
SUMBER: http://mr-tazkirah.blogspot.com/search?updated-max=2010-02-01T16:38:00%2B08:00&max-results=3
thanks Maisarah
Thursday, April 29, 2010
Online soil sampling for HPLC
The pyrethroid class of pesticides is widely used around the world for the control of insects in many areas, including forestry, animal care, agriculture, public health care and households. The EPA estimates that they are the active ingredients in more than 3500 registered products and their use is increasing as the more acutely toxic organophosphate-based pesticides are slowly being replaced.
That is not to say that pyrethroids are non-toxic. Their insecticidal effects are a result of altering the nerve function of the pests, which causes paralysis and leads to eventual death. In humans, the compounds act in a similar manner, affecting nerve and brain function to cause symptoms such as headaches, dizziness, nausea, convulsions and loss of consciousness. The effects can last several days.
In practice, pyrethroids are designed to degrade under ultraviolet light within a few days of application, so residues on plant surfaces or soil will not persist for very long. This was seen as an improvement over the related pyrethrins, from which they are derived. Pyrethrins are natural compounds originally extracted from the chrysanthemum but they are unstable under sunlight and quickly become inactive.
In soil, pyrethroids are retained by sorption and poor solubility in water and it is important to be able to estimate residual levels from an agricultural and environmental point of view. For samples containing trace amounts of pesticides, the obvious problem is extraction and preconcentration of the target compounds so that they can be detected during analysis. In general, this time-consuming step is carried out in several steps but Slovakian scientists have developed a single-step procedure that combines extraction and preconcentration and links it online with HPLC detection.
Milan Hutta, Maria Chalanyova and Martin Pagac from Comenius University, Bratislava, described their new procedure in the Journal of Separation Science for the recovery and analysis of three pyrethroids - kadethrin, cypermethrin and permethrin. Solid-liquid extraction, SPE and RP-HPLC were combined in series and the method was optimised using spiked soil samples.
In the first stage, an adsorbent was placed at the bottom of a short glass column and up to 200 mg of contaminated soil was loaded on top. The adsorbent had a dual role, acting as a sieve to retain the fine soil particles and an adsorbent to trap the pesticides. Silica was the preferred adsorbent of three tested because it prevented interfering coelutions and provided the best recoveries. In a flow-through extraction procedure, the best solvent was found to be a mixture of methanol and aqueous citric acid.
The liquid flow was directed towards an SPE column containing a phenyl-based adsorbent which trapped the three pyrethroids while the liquid flow was directed to waste. They were back-flushed with aqueous methanol to the HPLC system operating in large-volume injection mode, designed for low levels of analytes. Following separation on a C18 column, the compounds were monitored by UV detection at 270 nm for kadethrin and 235 nm for the others.
This approach led to recoveries of 81-84%, 56-59% and 58-63% for kadethrin, cypermethrin and permethrin, respectively. The corresponding detection limits achieved by large-volume injection of 1 mL solution were 4.5, 3.7 and 3.6 ng/mL and for dry soil they were 27, 32 and 29 ng/g, respectively.
The researchers described this procedure as "a solid sampling HPLC technique" which has rarely been implemented in the reported literature. They intend to refine it for the analysis of other types of compounds in soil, sediments and plants and declared that it will allow the analysis of soil samples that were collected after the suppression of a mosquito invasion in Bratislava in 2009.
The method will be particularly useful for the analysis of small samples such as sections of a soil column or the interface between soil and the roots of a plant. It could also be of assistance in environmental forensics, to measure small concentrations of pollutants across a contaminated site.
Related links:
* Journal of Separation Science 2010, 33, 134-142: "On-line flow-through extraction-preconcentration-large volume injection-RP LC for trace determination of pyrethroids in Slovak soil"
Foiling fuel fraud
The high price of petroleum-based fuel makes it an attractive target for fraudsters and thieves. On the small scale, employers who hold stocks of fuel, perhaps for a transport fleet, regularly report losses due to theft by their employees, with year on year increases seen in the EU.
On the larger scale, cheaper substitute fuels are used illegally by motorists. For instance, red diesel is being discovered increasingly in the engines of motor vehicles in the UK. This fuel is intended for use in off-road agricultural vehicles and is approximately 33% of the price of regular fuels due to a lower government tax rate. It is named red diesel due to the presence of a red dye added before distribution to help distinguish it from other fuels.
The practice of dyeing has become relatively common throughout the world. Aviation fuels are marked with a dye to ensure that aircraft are fuelled with the right fuel to avoid accidents. Gasoline (petrol) and diesel are also dyed to prevent fraud and help to provide evidence of fuel theft.
In order to protect the fuel tax system and prevent fraud, sensitive methods must be in place to detect dyes in fuels. This is especially the case when dyed fuels have been illegally treated to remove the dyes, so that cheaper fuels can be sold as more expensive ones to increase the revenue stream and subsequent profits. In these cases, the concentration of dyes will be very low.
There are a number of reported methods for analysing fuel dyes, including HPLC with detection by mass spectrometry, UV-visible spectroscopy and diode array detection. A further variation has been developed by scientists in Brazil and Germany, two countries where fuel dyeing has been established.
Maria Valnice Boldrin Zanoni from Sao Paulo State University, Frank-Michael Matysik from the University of Regensburg and Magno Aparecido Goncalves Trindade, who is affiliated to both universities, used HPLC with electrochemical detection. It was devised especially for the two anthraquinone dyes Solvent Blue 14 and Solvent Blue 35, and the azo dye Solvent Red 24.
Initially, the method was tested and optimised with standard solutions of the three dyes plus the azo dye Solvent Orange 7 and the anthraquinone dye quinizarin. The compounds were separated on a reversed-phase C8 column using an isocratic mixture of acetonitrile and ammonium acetate. The peak shapes and tails were improved and the retention times reduced by stepping the flow rate during the separation.
Dye elution was complete within 12 minutes, although quinizarin was not detected under any conditions. The remaining four dyes were detected with an electrochemical detector that had a glassy working electrode, an Ag/AgCl reference electrode and a platinum wire auxiliary electrode. The optimum applied potential was set to +0.8 V, at which the peak currents were at or near their maximum values and the background current was small and reproducible. The stepped chromatographic flow rate had no effect on the background current.
The method was applied to gasoline samples that were spiked with the dyes. Some extra peaks observed in the chromatograms, which increased the background current, were attributed to residual gasoline components. They also co-eluted with Solvent Orange 7, which ruled that dye out of the procedure.
The gasolines were subjected to two sample preparation procedures. A simple evaporation procedure to remove the hydrocarbon components gave poor recoveries (60 and 40%, respectively) for Solvent Blue 35 and Solvent Red 24 and good recovery for Solvent Blue 14.
An SPE method improved the recoveries when it was used in conjunction with the standard additions method for quantitation, raising those for Solvent Blue 35 and Solvent Red 24 to more than 78%. The detection limits were less than 0.1 mg/L.
The research team declared that HPLC with electrochemical detection by anodic oxidation will be suitable for the analysis of selected fuel dyes in a simple and rapid procedure, which will help to combat the adulteration and fraudulent sale of various types of petroleum-based fuels.
Related links:
* Electroanalysis 2010 (Article in Press): "Sensitive determination of water insoluble dyes used as marking of commercial petroleum products using high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection"
Scented toy story
Those Easter bunnies that look so cute in the stores around this time of year are very tempting. Just the gift for your favourite niece or granddaughter, or even your partner if you are feeling romantic. They might even be scented bunnies, adding to their allure, but that is not always a good thing.
Of the many fragrances used in children's toys, some are allergenic to humans. A study carried out in Denmark in 2006 revealed that 70% of children's products tested contained detectable levels of fragrance allergens, which are one of the most common causes of contact dermatitis in children.
The potential health risks associated with toys prompted the EU to revise its toy safety directive in 2009 for all toys placed onto the EU market, banning 55 fragrances. They can be present up to a low level, 100 µg/g, if it is technically unavoidable. A further 11 fragrances with weaker allergenic potential are allowed at concentrations above this value, as long as they are declared on the packaging.
A team of scientists based in Germany noted that direct contact is not the only way in which people can be contaminated by allergens. By definition, a fragrance is volatile, so it could also be inhaled and still initiate allergenic symptoms. So, this team, comprising Ines Masuck, Christoph Hutzler and Andreas Luch from the Department of Product Safety at the Federal Institute for Risk Assessment in Berlin, undertook a study of the emission of fragrances from toys, as well as their content.
The researchers developed an SPME-GC/MS procedure to measure the emission levels of allergens from scented toys held at 23 and 40°C. In addition, a solid-liquid extraction GC/MS method was applied to measure the allergen contents in the toys themselves. The procedures were used to measure 24 of the 66 allergens listed in the EU Directive, 13 that are banned and 11 that require declaration if present.
Initially, the SPME-GC/MS method was optimised using a mixture of fragrances. Five SPME fibres were found to perform well but an 85 µm polyacrylate fibre was selected because it gave the best combination of recovery, relative standard deviation and subsequent desorption in the GC injection port.
A piece of PVC material impregnated with all 24 allergens was used to determine the best extraction conditions. The optimum extraction time at 23 °C was 4 hours and the equilibration and extraction times at 40°C were set to 4 and 3 hours, respectively.
The fibres were inserted into the GC for analysis, using a cold injection system initialised at 100°C and raised at 12°C/min to 300°C. The fragrance components were allowed 60 s at the maximum temperature to desorb onto a 50% phenyl-methylpolysiloxane column which was also temperature programmed.
The eluting compounds were analysed by electron ionisation and were quantified using one ion each, with a combination of retention time and qualifier ions to confirm their identification. An external calibration curve was used for quantification. The method yielded detection limits which were less than 1 ng/cm3 at 23°C and up to 1.27 ng/cm3 at 40°C.
Allergen contents in the toys themselves, as opposed to the emitted quantities, were measured on the same GC/MS system following extraction of frozen, powdered samples with toluene-ethyl acetate.
The procedures were used to analyse 5 scented dolls purchased from online stores. Some of the dolls contained high levels of the plasticisers diethyl phthalate and diisobutyl adipate, as well as measurable amounts of permitted fragrances.
However, 3 banned fragrances were detected. The contents of coumarin (sweet, vanilla odour) and eugenol (spice, clove-like) were both less than 100 µg/g, which is allowable under the EU legislation. The main offender was benzyl benzoate, which is described as having a sweet, balsamic odour with fruity or berry overtones. It exceeded 100 µg/g in 3 of the dolls, so required declaration on the packaging. This declaration was absent.
Not surprisingly, emissions of the fragrances from the dolls were greater at the higher temperature, although the actual amounts given off depended on the original content in the dolls, as measured by GC/MS.
The results suggest that scented toys might present a risk to children by inhalation, as well as direct contact. Higher emissions at increased temperatures could become important when the child is holding the toy close to its body, or is playing in front of a fire or radiator.
The research team recommended that further studies are required to better characterise and assess the risks for children due to the inhalation of toy fragrance allergens during play.
Related Links:
*
Journal of Chromatography A 2010 (Article in Press): "Investigations on the emission of fragrance allergens from scented toys by means of headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry"
Colourless flavonoids in pollen
Pollen is the unique source of all the nutrients that bees require for healthy growth. They use it to feed themselves as well as the larvae in the hive and without it, the hive would perish. Bees collect pollen from flowers and mix it with a sticky secretion from their stomachs, so that it can be stored in pollen baskets on their legs for transport to the hive.
Bee pollen is a mixture of plant pollen, bee saliva and nectar and is rich in proteins, carbohydrates, amino acids, pigments, vitamins and minerals. The actual composition and proportions of the various components of a particular pollen, like honey, are related to the distribution of the source plants. These components fix the composition so that quality control standards can be established and subsequent adulteration of the products can be detected.
This is an important factor because bee pollen, just like honey, has been used for millennia as a dietary supplement by humans. Many declarations have been made regarding the health benefits but, tellingly, the US FDA does not allow pollen marketers in the United States to make health claims, as there is currently no scientific basis for these.
The pigments present in bee pollen, consisting primarily of flavonoids and anthocyanins, account for the variation in colour of pollen and honey. However, other non-coloured flavonoids can also be present. and their presence in one particular bee pollen has attracted the attention of Iberian researchers.
Federico Ferreres from the University of Murcia at Espinardo in Spain and David Pereira, Patricia Valentao and Paula Andrade from Porto University, Portugal, became interested in bee pollen from the plant Echium plantagineum, also known as Paterson's curse. It is an invasive weed found in southern Europe and its bee pollen has been extensively studied. However, no work has been carried out on the phenolic compounds, including flavonoids, which might be present.
The researchers analysed bee pollen from central Portugal which had been confirmed to originate from E. plantagineum. An acidic methanol extract was subjected to HPLC with two detectors, a photodiode array detector and a mass spectrometer. HPLC is an important technique for separating the complex mixtures of flavonoids present in food extracts, especially when limited supplies of the sample prevent ready isolation and purification of the components.
The extract was separated on a reversed-phase octadecylsilica column operating at room temperature, with a mobile phase gradient of methanol in aqueous acetic acid. Twelve flavonoids eluting within 30 minutes were detected at a wavelength of 350 nm. Since the visible range covers 390-750 nm, these flavonoids were colourless.
The compounds were glycosides of quercetin, isorhamnetin and kaempferol but HPLC alone was not sufficient to differentiate between them. The HPLC eluent was directed to an ion trap mass spectrometer operating in negative-ion electrospray ionisation mode for MS/MS and MS/MS/MS experiments. This was essential to identify the various isomers having the same flavonoid core but different sugar chains.
The mass spectral fragmentation patterns characterised the linkages between the glycoside groups to allow their identification. In this way, isomeric kaempferol 3-O-neohesperidoside and 3-O-rutinoside were distinguished, as were several other isomeric pairs.
The research team declared that this is the first time that non-coloured flavonoids have been reported from this pollen and the value of HPLC for isomer separation and mass spectrometry for isomer identification has been illustrated.
The results expand the phytochemical knowledge of bee pollen from E. plantagineum. They will be useful for the quality control of commercial dietary supplements prepared from this bee pollen and for detecting their adulteration with other substances, which might be cheaper pollens from other sources or even non-pollen matter.
Related links:
* Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 2010, 24, 801-806: "First report of non-coloured flavonoids in Echium plantagineum bee pollen: differentiation of isomers by liquid chromatography/ion trap mass spectrometry"
10 bulan....
Alhamdulillah Nor Hazman shafiq sudah berusia 10 bulan dan sudah mula berjalan beberapa langkah....seronok melayan kerenahnya.....he..he..moga anakanda menjadi anak yang soleh....InsyaAllah...
Pesta Sukan PASTI Serdang
Alhamdulillah anak sulungku berjaya menjadi johan dalam pertandingan bola sepak...moga anakanda berjaya dalam pelajaran juga...ayah akan senantisa mendoakan kamu...
Senarai Dosa2 Besar dari Kitab al-Kaba`ir
DOSA-DOSA BESAR
Al-Imam Azzahabiyy menyenaraikan dalam kitabnya "Al-Kabaair" jenis dosa-dosa besar melibatkan perkara-perkara seperti berikut:
01 - Belajar ilmu lalu tidak menerangkannya
02 -Persaksian palsu
03 - Berjudi
04 - Bersumpah palsu dan bohong
05 - Berbohong
06 - Tidak istinjak selepas kencing
07 - Perempuan pelacur
08 - Berbuat zalim terhadap yang lemah
09 - Berdebat dan memusuhi
10 - Bersifat dayus
11 - Bercakap kasar dengan orang tua
12 - Dusta nama Allah dan rasulnya
13 - Derhaka pada suami
14 - Derhaka pada hamba Allah
15 - Hakim yang zalim
16 - Homoseks
17 - Menipu dalam timbangan
18 -al-Abd al-Aabiq /iaituhamba yang lari dari tuannya
19 - Lelaki menyerupai wanita ( al-mutasyabbihin binnisak )
20 - Lari dari medan perang di jalan Allah
21 - Membunuh manusia
22 - Membunuh diri sendiri
23 - Mengamalkan sihir
24 - Meninggalkan sembahyang lima waktu
25 - Meninggalkan sembahyang jumaat
26 - Menderhaka ibu bapa
27 - Memutuskan hubungan silaturrahim
28 - Melakukan zina
29 - Makan harta anak yatim secara tidak betul
30 -Mengumpulkan kekayaan haram
31 - Memberi dan menerima rasuah
32 - Melabuhkan pakaian kerana berlagak sombong
33 -Berurusan dengan riba
34 - Minum arak
35 - Mencuri
36 - Merompak
37 - Melakukan kezaliman
38 - Melakukan pengkhianatan
39 - Mengungkit-ungkit pemberian
40 - Mengingkari janji
41 - Memfitnah
42 - Mengutuk orang islam
43 - Merasa aman dari kemurkaan Allah
44 - Menipu harta rampasan
45 - Melampaui batas
46 - Menuduh zina terhadap orang baik
47 - Memakai emas dan sutera (bagi lelaki)
48 - Mempercayai nujum dan sihir
49 - Wanita menyerupai lelaki ( al-Mutasyabbhihatu birrijal )
50 - Mencari-cari kesalahan orang lain
51 - Menganggu orang lain
52 - Menganggu tetangga
53 - Menyakiti dan memaki orang islam
54 - Mengintip dan membuka rahsia orang
55 - Mencaci sahabat Nabi
56 - Mengurangi wasiat
57 - Mengingkari takdir
58 - Putus asa dari rahmat Allah
59 - Penipuan dan kezaliman terhadap orang bawahan
60 - Riak dan menunjuk-nunjuki
61 - Syirikkan Allah dengan sesuatu yang lain
62 - Sombong serta angkuh
63 - Sembelih untuk selain Allah
64 - Tidak mengeluarkan zakat
65 - Tidak berpuasa di bulan ramadhan
66 - Tidak mengerjakan haji sedangkan bermampuan
thanks Ustaz Zahazan...
RENUNGAN : BILAKAH KAU AKAN BERTAUBAT
bahan ini adalah inspirasi daripada kitab Syarah al-Hikam Oleh guru kami Dr Zulkifli bin Muhammad al-Bakri dan sahabat kami Us Gunawan HafizahumalLah penulis kitab Masjid.Kedua-dua kitab ini diterbitkan oleh Telaga Biru sdn Bhd.
Maksudnya : Wahai orang-orang yang beriman! bertaubatlah kamu kepada Allah dengan " taubat Nasuha", Mudah-mudahan Tuhan kamu akan menghapuskan kesalahan-kesalahan kamu dan memasukkan kamu ke dalam syurga yang mengalir di bawahnya beberapa sungai, pada hari Allah tidak akan menghinakan Nabi dan orang-orang yang beriman bersama-sama dengannya; cahaya (iman dan amal soleh) mereka, bergerak cepat di hadapan mereka dan di sebelah kanan mereka (semasa mereka berjalan); mereka berkata (ketika orang-orang munafik meraba-raba dalam gelap-gelita): "Wahai Tuhan kami! sempurnakanlah bagi Kami cahaya kami, dan limpahkanlah keampunan kepada kami; Sesungguhnya Engkau Maha Kuasa atas tiap-tiap sesuatu". Surah at-Tahrim ayat 8.
Hayatilah ayat ini, ia adalah perintah daripada al-Haqq. Dia memerintahkan diri kita semua agar kembali kepadanya dengan meninggalkan segala kemaksiatan yang kecil mahupun yang besar. Secara hakikatnya ialah, seolah-olah Dia al-Haqq mengilhamkan dalam sanubari hatimu dengan berkata, “Wahai hambaku, tinggalkanlah pakaian burukmu itu (perbuatan dosa dan maksiat), dan kembalikah mengikat hubunganmu denganKu dengan melaksanakan ketaatan. Tinggalkanlah jalan yang jauh itu dan kemarilah dekat kepadaKu”.
Para ULAMA tazkiyyatunnufus telah menyatakan bahawa, taubat itu perlulah mestilah di dasari dengan ilmu pengetahuan dan keazaman serta usaha agar maksiat ditinggalkanSerta mestilah istiqamah untuk menuju kepada ketaatan melibatkan perilaku atau perbuatan.Perkara ini semuanya berkaitan dengan amalan ataupun routine hariannya. Amalan ini adalah menunjukkan kepada keimanan seseorang hamba.
Mengapakah taubat itu perlu di dasari kepada keimanan?. Ketahuilah bahawa ilmu pengetahuan merupakan dasar yang mengikat iman kepada Allah swt, sedangkan perilaku atau perbuatan merupakan sesuatu yang muncul daripada ilmu pengetahuan. Manakala amalan lahir daripada renungan, penghayatan dalam hati dan anggota badan serta kebiasaan. Oleh itu wahai para sahabat yang mencari jalan menuju kepadaNya, hendaklah dirimu mengenal ilmu pengetahuan tentang hal ini. Hendaklah dirimu mengatahui bahawa, perkara maksiat, derhaka dan lalai dalam laranganNya adalah punca terbesar wujudnya dosa-dosa. Dosa-dosa pula berkaitan dengan perbuatan-perbuatan jahat yang berasal dari pujuk rayu syaitan, dan hawa nafsu yg tidak ditarbiyyah.Yakinlah bahaw kita memiliki Allah yg bersifat dengan sifat alAfuww yang sentiasa memberi kemaafan terhadap hambaNya yang bertaubat kepadaNya. Ini juga disebutkan sebagai Rabbun Ghofurun...
dari Ustaz Zahazan...Thanks...
MENGAPA SAUDARA MERASA TIDAK CERIA ?
Dalam Ruangan Cerdik Baik oleh Dato Fazilah Kamsah
1. Tidak Berada Dalam HidayahNya.Hidayah bermaksud Petunjuk yg disertai dgn rahmatNya.Al-Ghazali berkata dlm Bidayatul Hidayah maksudnya : Hendaklah engkau tahu bahawa hidayah itu adalah buah drp ilmu yg dituntut dgn keikhlasan kdpNya.
2.Kejahilan.Kejahilan mengakibatkan kepayahan & penderitaan , contohnya orang2 yg tidak mahu belajar ilmu2 Islam hingga mngakibatkan kehidupannya penuh dgn pelbagai perkara yg diharamkan.Demikian pula sikap bodoh sombong dimana seseorg malu utk bertanya jalan2 keredhaan Allah dan pintu2 rezki yg sungguh banyak.Orang seperti ini akan terus berada dlm kesusahan krn kejahilan & kesombongannya itu.
3.Tidak mahu mengamalkan ilmunya.Orang seperti ini akan sentiasa berada dlm konflik kerana amalannya berlawanan dgn keyakinanannya,sebagai contoh para penerima rasuah,mereka tetap akan berkata dlm hati kecilnya bahwa ia adalah satu dosa.Tetapi krana desakan nafsu maka dia akan menurutinya.
4.Jauh daripada Allah swt.Ingat saudara,dalam hadis sahih, kumpulan kitab Ringkasan riyadus salihin Terbitan Telaga Biru,dlm bab Qiyamullail, apabila bangkit di awal pagi utk bertahajjud maka segenap ikatan iblis yg beratutan di badannya akan luput.Sebaliknya apabila dia terus tidur maka dia akan dikencing oleh syaitan pd telinganya, lalu bangkitlah dia kemudiannya dlm keadaan kaslan ( malas ) Khabitahannafs ( menderita ).Bagaimana tak menderita ????
Petikan daripada Majalah solusi, Isu Ke 19
Wednesday, March 24, 2010
MURAH REZEKI...
Assalamualaikum warahmatullah,
Semua orang impikan rezeki yang banyak, mudah, berkat serta makmur, termasuklah saya. He.. he… Dalam pekerjaan kita seharian mencari rezeki, mestilah sentiasa niatkan dalam hati supaya Allah mengurniakan kita dengan rezeki yang halal, berkat, mudah serta luas. Terdapat amalan-amalan yang boleh menjadi sebab Allah melimpahi hamba-Nya dengan keluasan rezeki dan rasa kaya dengan pemberian-Nya.
Berdasarkan konsep rezeki yang telah diperkatakan, Allah memberi jalan buat setiap hamba-Nya untuk memperolehi rezeki dalam pelbagai bentuk yang boleh menjadi punca kebaikan dunia dan akhirat.
Di antaranya:
1. Menyempatkan diri beribadah
Allah tidak sia-siakan pengabdian diri hamba-Nya, seperti firman-Nya dalam hadis qudsi: “Wahai anak Adam, sempatkanlah untuk menyembah-Ku maka Aku akan membuat hatimu kaya dan menutup kefakiranmu. Jika tidak melakukannya maka Aku akan penuhi tanganmu dengan kesibukan dan Aku tidak menutup kefakiranmu.” (Hadis Riwayat Ahmad, Tirmizi, Ibnu Majah dan al-Hakim dari Abu Hurairah r.a.)
2. Memperbanyak istighfar
Istighfar adalah rintihan dan pengakuan dosa seorang hamba di depan Allah, yang menjadi sebab Allah jatuh kasih dan kasihan pada hamba-Nya lalu Dia berkenan melapangkan jiwa dan kehidupan si hamba. Sabda Rasulullah SAW : “Barang siapa memperbanyak istighfar maka Allah SWT akan menghapuskan segala kedukaannya, menyelesaikan segala masalahnya dan memberinya rezeki dari arah yang tidak disangka.” (Hadis Riwayat Ahmad, Abu Daud, an-Nasa’i, Ibnu Majah dan al-Hakim dari Abdullah bin Abbas r.a.)
3. Tinggalkan perbuatan dosa
Istighfar tidak laku di sisi Allah jika masih buat dosa. Dosa bukan saja membuat hati resah malah menutup pintu rezeki. Sabda Rasulullah SAW : “… dan seorang lelaki akan diharamkan baginya rezeki kerana dosa yang dibuatnya.” (Hadis Riwayat at-Tirmizi)
4. Sentiasa ingat Allah SWT
Banyak ingat Allah SWT buatkan hati tenang dan kehidupan terasa lapang. Ini rezeki yang hanya Allah beri kepada orang beriman. Firman-Nya: “…(iaitu) orang-orang beriman dan hati mereka menjadi tenteram dengan mengingati Allah. Ingatlah, hanya dengan mengingati Allah hati menjadi tenteram.” (Surah Ar-Ra’d, ayat 28)
5. Berbakti dan mendoakan ibu bapa
Dalam hadis riwayat Imam Ahmad, Rasulullah SAW berpesan agar siapa yang ingin panjang umur dan ditambahi rezekinya, hendaklah berbakti kepada ibu bapanya dan menyambung tali kekeluargaan. Rasulullah SAW juga bersabda: “Siapa berbakti kepada ibu bapanya maka kebahagiaanlah buatnya dan Allah akan memanjangkan umurnya.” (Hadis Riwayat Abu Ya’ala, at-Tabrani, al-Asybahani dan al-Hakim)
Mendoakan ibu bapa juga menjadi sebab mengalirnya rezeki, berdasarkan sabda Rasulullah SAW : “Apabila hamba itu meninggalkan berdoa kepada kedua orang tuanya nescaya terputuslah rezeki (Allah) daripadanya.” (Hadis Riwayat al-Hakim dan ad-Dailami)
6. Berbuat baik dan menolong orang yang lemah
Berbuat baik kepada orang yang lemah ini termasuklah menggembirakan dan meraikan orang tua, orang sakit, anak yatim dan fakir miskin, juga isteri dan anak-anak yang masih kecil. Sabda Rasulullah SAW : “Tidaklah kamu diberi pertolongan dan diberi rezeki melainkan kerana orang-orang lemah di kalangan kamu.” (Hadis Riwayat Bukhari)
7. Tunaikan hajat orang lain
Menunaikan hajat orang menjadi sebab Allah lapangkan rezeki dalam bentuk tertunainya hajat sendiri, seperti sabda Rasulullah SAW : “Siapa yang menunaikan hajat saudaranya maka Allah akan menunaikan hajatnya…” (Hadis Riwayat Muslim)
8. Banyak berselawat
Ada hadis yang menganjurkan berselawat jika hajat atau cita-cita tidak tertunai kerana selawat itu dapat menghilangkan kesusahan, kesedihan, dan kesukaran serta meluaskan rezeki dan menyebabkan terlaksananya semua hajat. Wallahu a’lam.
9. Buat kebajikan banyak-banyak
Ibnu Abbas berkata: “Sesungguhnya kebajikan itu memberi cahaya kepada hati, kemurahan rezeki, kekuatan jasad dan disayangi oleh makhluk yang lain. Manakala kejahatan pula boleh menggelapkan rupa, menggelapkan hati, melemahkan tubuh, sempit rezeki dan makhluk lain mengutuknya.”
10. Berpagi-pagi
Menurut Rasulullah SAW, berpagi-pagi (memulakan aktiviti harian sebaik-baik selesai solat Subuh berjemaah) adalah amalan yang berkat.
11. Menjalin silaturrahim
Rasulullah SAW bersabda : “Barang siapa ingin dilapangkan rezekinya dan dilambatkan ajalnya maka hendaklah dia menghubungi sanak-saudaranya.” (Hadis Riwayat Bukhari)
12. Melazimi kekal berwuduk
Seorang Arab desa menemui Rasulullah SAW dan meminta pedoman mengenai beberapa perkara termasuk mahu dimurahkan rezeki oleh Allah SWT. Rasulullah SAW bersabda: “Sentiasalah berada dalam keadaan bersih (dari hadas) nescaya Allah akan memurahkan rezeki.” (Diriwayatkan daripada Sayidina Khalid al-Walid)
13. Bersedekah
Sedekah mengundang rahmat Allah dan menjadi sebab Allah buka pintu rezeki. Nabi SAW bersabda kepada Zubair bin al-Awwam: “Hai Zubair, ketahuilah bahawa kunci rezeki hamba itu ditentang Arasy, yang dikirim oleh Allah azza wajalla kepada setiap hamba sekadar nafkahnya. Maka siapa yang membanyakkan pemberian kepada orang lain, nescaya Allah membanyakkan baginya. Dan siapa yang menyedikitkan, nescaya Allah menyedikitkan baginya.” (Riwayat ad-Daruquthni dari Anas r.a.)
14. Melazimi solat malam (tahajud)
Ada keterangan bahawa amalan solat tahajjud memudahkan memperoleh rezeki, menjadi sebab seseorang itu dipercayai dan dihormati orang dan doanya dimakbulkan Allah.
15. Melazimi solat Dhuha
Amalan solat Dhuha yang dibuat waktu orang sedang sibuk dengan urusan dunia (aktiviti harian), juga mempunyai rahsia tersendiri. Firman Allah dalam hadis qudsi: “Wahai anak Adam, jangan sekali-kali engkau malas mengerjakan empat rakaat pada waktu permulaan siang (solat Dhuha), nanti pasti akan Aku cukupkan keperluanmu pada petang harinya.” (Riwayat al-Hakim dan Thabrani)
16. Bersyukur kepada Allah
Syukur ertinya mengakui segala pemberian dan nikmat dari Allah. Lawannya adalah kufur nikmat. Allah berfirman: “Demi sesungguhnya! Jika kamu bersyukur, nescaya Aku tambahi nikmat-Ku kepadamu, dan demi sesungguhnya jika kamu kufur, sesungguhnya azab-Ku amat keras.” (Surah Ibrahim, ayat 7)
Firman-Nya lagi: “… dan Kami akan memberi balasan kepada orang-orang yang bersyukur.” (Surah ali-Imran, ayat 145)
17. Mengamalkan zikir dan bacaan ayat Quran tertentu
Zikir dari ayat-ayat al-Quran atau asma’ul husna selain menenangkan, menjenihkan dan melunakkan hati, ia mengandungi fadilat khusus untuk keluasan ilmu, terbukanya pintu hidayah, dimudahkan faham agama, diberi kemanisan iman dan dilapangkan rezeki.
Misalnya, dua ayat terakhir surah at-Taubah (ayat 128-129) jika dibaca secara konsisten tujuh kali setiap kali lepas solat, dikatakan boleh menjadi sebab Allah lapangkan kehidupan dan murahkan rezeki.
Salah satu nama Allah, al-Fattah (Maha Membukakan) dikatakan dapat menjadi sebab dibukakan pintu rezeki jika diwiridkan selalu; misalnya dibaca “Ya Allah ya Fattah” berulang-ulang, diiringi doa: “Ya Allah, bukalah hati kami untuk mengenali-Mu, bukalah pintu rahmat dan keampunan-Mu, ya Fattah ya ‘Alim.” Ada juga hadis menyebut, siapa amalkan baca surah al-Waqi’ah setiap malam, dia tidak akan ditimpa kepapaan. Wallahu a’lam.
18. Berdoa
Berdoa menjadikan seorang hamba dekat dengan Allah, penuh bergantung dan mengharap pada rahmat dan pemberian dari-Nya. Dalam al-Quran, Allah suruh kita meminta kepada-Nya, nescaya Dia akan perkenankan.
19. Berikhtiar sehabisnya
Siapa berusaha, dia akan dapat. Ini sunnatullah. Dalam satu hadis sahih dikatakan bahawa Allah berikan dunia kepada orang yang dicintai-Nya dan yang tidak dicintai-Nya, tapi agama hanya Allah beri kepada orang yang dicintai-Nya saja. (Riwayat Ahmad, Ibnu Abi Syaibah dan al-Hakim)
Bagi orang beriman, tentulah dia perlu mencari sebab-sebab yang boleh membawa kepada murah rezeki dalam skop yang luas. Misalnya, hendak tenang dibacanya Quran, hendak dapat anak yang baik dididiknya sejak anak dalam rahim lagi, hendak sihat dijaganya pemakanan dan makan yang baik dan halal, hendak dapat jiran yang baik dia sendiri berusaha jadi baik, hendak rezeki berkat dijauhinya yang haram, dan sebagainya.
20. Bertawakal
Dengan tawakal, seseorang itu akan direzekikan rasa kaya dengan Allah. Firman-Nya: “Barang siapa bertawakal kepada Allah, nescaya Allah mencukupkan (keperluannya) .” (Surah at-Thalaq, ayat 3)
Nabi SAW bersabda: “Seandainya kamu bertawakal kepada Allah dengan sebenar-benar tawakal, nescaya kamu diberi rezeki seperti burung diberi rezeki, ia pagi hari lapar dan petang hari telah kenyang.” (Riwayat Ahmad, at-Tirmizi, Ibnu Majah, Ibnu Hibban, al-Hakim dari Umar bin al-Khattab r.a.)
Kesemua yang disebut di atas adalah amalan-amalan yang membawa kepada takwa. Dengan takwa, Allah akan beri “jalan keluar (dari segala perkara yang menyusahkan) , dan memberinya rezeki dari jalan yang tidak terlintas di hatinya.” (Surah at-Talaq, ayat 2-3)
Pendek kata, bagi orang Islam, untuk murah rezeki dalam ertikata yang sebenarnya, kuncinya adalah buat amalan-amalan takwa. Amalan-amalan ini menjadi sebab jatuhnya kasih sayang Allah, lalu Allah limpahi hamba-Nya dengan keluasan rezeki dan rasa kaya dengan pemberian-Nya.
Renung-renungkan dan marilah kita sama-sama beramal. Mudah-mudahan Allah SWT melimpah-ruahkan rezeki-Nya kepada kita. Amiin.* sumber dari blog shbt.
aahaa.. dpt tips.. apelagi? jom lakukan Anjakan !!
Semua orang impikan rezeki yang banyak, mudah, berkat serta makmur, termasuklah saya. He.. he… Dalam pekerjaan kita seharian mencari rezeki, mestilah sentiasa niatkan dalam hati supaya Allah mengurniakan kita dengan rezeki yang halal, berkat, mudah serta luas. Terdapat amalan-amalan yang boleh menjadi sebab Allah melimpahi hamba-Nya dengan keluasan rezeki dan rasa kaya dengan pemberian-Nya.
Berdasarkan konsep rezeki yang telah diperkatakan, Allah memberi jalan buat setiap hamba-Nya untuk memperolehi rezeki dalam pelbagai bentuk yang boleh menjadi punca kebaikan dunia dan akhirat.
Di antaranya:
1. Menyempatkan diri beribadah
Allah tidak sia-siakan pengabdian diri hamba-Nya, seperti firman-Nya dalam hadis qudsi: “Wahai anak Adam, sempatkanlah untuk menyembah-Ku maka Aku akan membuat hatimu kaya dan menutup kefakiranmu. Jika tidak melakukannya maka Aku akan penuhi tanganmu dengan kesibukan dan Aku tidak menutup kefakiranmu.” (Hadis Riwayat Ahmad, Tirmizi, Ibnu Majah dan al-Hakim dari Abu Hurairah r.a.)
2. Memperbanyak istighfar
Istighfar adalah rintihan dan pengakuan dosa seorang hamba di depan Allah, yang menjadi sebab Allah jatuh kasih dan kasihan pada hamba-Nya lalu Dia berkenan melapangkan jiwa dan kehidupan si hamba. Sabda Rasulullah SAW : “Barang siapa memperbanyak istighfar maka Allah SWT akan menghapuskan segala kedukaannya, menyelesaikan segala masalahnya dan memberinya rezeki dari arah yang tidak disangka.” (Hadis Riwayat Ahmad, Abu Daud, an-Nasa’i, Ibnu Majah dan al-Hakim dari Abdullah bin Abbas r.a.)
3. Tinggalkan perbuatan dosa
Istighfar tidak laku di sisi Allah jika masih buat dosa. Dosa bukan saja membuat hati resah malah menutup pintu rezeki. Sabda Rasulullah SAW : “… dan seorang lelaki akan diharamkan baginya rezeki kerana dosa yang dibuatnya.” (Hadis Riwayat at-Tirmizi)
4. Sentiasa ingat Allah SWT
Banyak ingat Allah SWT buatkan hati tenang dan kehidupan terasa lapang. Ini rezeki yang hanya Allah beri kepada orang beriman. Firman-Nya: “…(iaitu) orang-orang beriman dan hati mereka menjadi tenteram dengan mengingati Allah. Ingatlah, hanya dengan mengingati Allah hati menjadi tenteram.” (Surah Ar-Ra’d, ayat 28)
5. Berbakti dan mendoakan ibu bapa
Dalam hadis riwayat Imam Ahmad, Rasulullah SAW berpesan agar siapa yang ingin panjang umur dan ditambahi rezekinya, hendaklah berbakti kepada ibu bapanya dan menyambung tali kekeluargaan. Rasulullah SAW juga bersabda: “Siapa berbakti kepada ibu bapanya maka kebahagiaanlah buatnya dan Allah akan memanjangkan umurnya.” (Hadis Riwayat Abu Ya’ala, at-Tabrani, al-Asybahani dan al-Hakim)
Mendoakan ibu bapa juga menjadi sebab mengalirnya rezeki, berdasarkan sabda Rasulullah SAW : “Apabila hamba itu meninggalkan berdoa kepada kedua orang tuanya nescaya terputuslah rezeki (Allah) daripadanya.” (Hadis Riwayat al-Hakim dan ad-Dailami)
6. Berbuat baik dan menolong orang yang lemah
Berbuat baik kepada orang yang lemah ini termasuklah menggembirakan dan meraikan orang tua, orang sakit, anak yatim dan fakir miskin, juga isteri dan anak-anak yang masih kecil. Sabda Rasulullah SAW : “Tidaklah kamu diberi pertolongan dan diberi rezeki melainkan kerana orang-orang lemah di kalangan kamu.” (Hadis Riwayat Bukhari)
7. Tunaikan hajat orang lain
Menunaikan hajat orang menjadi sebab Allah lapangkan rezeki dalam bentuk tertunainya hajat sendiri, seperti sabda Rasulullah SAW : “Siapa yang menunaikan hajat saudaranya maka Allah akan menunaikan hajatnya…” (Hadis Riwayat Muslim)
8. Banyak berselawat
Ada hadis yang menganjurkan berselawat jika hajat atau cita-cita tidak tertunai kerana selawat itu dapat menghilangkan kesusahan, kesedihan, dan kesukaran serta meluaskan rezeki dan menyebabkan terlaksananya semua hajat. Wallahu a’lam.
9. Buat kebajikan banyak-banyak
Ibnu Abbas berkata: “Sesungguhnya kebajikan itu memberi cahaya kepada hati, kemurahan rezeki, kekuatan jasad dan disayangi oleh makhluk yang lain. Manakala kejahatan pula boleh menggelapkan rupa, menggelapkan hati, melemahkan tubuh, sempit rezeki dan makhluk lain mengutuknya.”
10. Berpagi-pagi
Menurut Rasulullah SAW, berpagi-pagi (memulakan aktiviti harian sebaik-baik selesai solat Subuh berjemaah) adalah amalan yang berkat.
11. Menjalin silaturrahim
Rasulullah SAW bersabda : “Barang siapa ingin dilapangkan rezekinya dan dilambatkan ajalnya maka hendaklah dia menghubungi sanak-saudaranya.” (Hadis Riwayat Bukhari)
12. Melazimi kekal berwuduk
Seorang Arab desa menemui Rasulullah SAW dan meminta pedoman mengenai beberapa perkara termasuk mahu dimurahkan rezeki oleh Allah SWT. Rasulullah SAW bersabda: “Sentiasalah berada dalam keadaan bersih (dari hadas) nescaya Allah akan memurahkan rezeki.” (Diriwayatkan daripada Sayidina Khalid al-Walid)
13. Bersedekah
Sedekah mengundang rahmat Allah dan menjadi sebab Allah buka pintu rezeki. Nabi SAW bersabda kepada Zubair bin al-Awwam: “Hai Zubair, ketahuilah bahawa kunci rezeki hamba itu ditentang Arasy, yang dikirim oleh Allah azza wajalla kepada setiap hamba sekadar nafkahnya. Maka siapa yang membanyakkan pemberian kepada orang lain, nescaya Allah membanyakkan baginya. Dan siapa yang menyedikitkan, nescaya Allah menyedikitkan baginya.” (Riwayat ad-Daruquthni dari Anas r.a.)
14. Melazimi solat malam (tahajud)
Ada keterangan bahawa amalan solat tahajjud memudahkan memperoleh rezeki, menjadi sebab seseorang itu dipercayai dan dihormati orang dan doanya dimakbulkan Allah.
15. Melazimi solat Dhuha
Amalan solat Dhuha yang dibuat waktu orang sedang sibuk dengan urusan dunia (aktiviti harian), juga mempunyai rahsia tersendiri. Firman Allah dalam hadis qudsi: “Wahai anak Adam, jangan sekali-kali engkau malas mengerjakan empat rakaat pada waktu permulaan siang (solat Dhuha), nanti pasti akan Aku cukupkan keperluanmu pada petang harinya.” (Riwayat al-Hakim dan Thabrani)
16. Bersyukur kepada Allah
Syukur ertinya mengakui segala pemberian dan nikmat dari Allah. Lawannya adalah kufur nikmat. Allah berfirman: “Demi sesungguhnya! Jika kamu bersyukur, nescaya Aku tambahi nikmat-Ku kepadamu, dan demi sesungguhnya jika kamu kufur, sesungguhnya azab-Ku amat keras.” (Surah Ibrahim, ayat 7)
Firman-Nya lagi: “… dan Kami akan memberi balasan kepada orang-orang yang bersyukur.” (Surah ali-Imran, ayat 145)
17. Mengamalkan zikir dan bacaan ayat Quran tertentu
Zikir dari ayat-ayat al-Quran atau asma’ul husna selain menenangkan, menjenihkan dan melunakkan hati, ia mengandungi fadilat khusus untuk keluasan ilmu, terbukanya pintu hidayah, dimudahkan faham agama, diberi kemanisan iman dan dilapangkan rezeki.
Misalnya, dua ayat terakhir surah at-Taubah (ayat 128-129) jika dibaca secara konsisten tujuh kali setiap kali lepas solat, dikatakan boleh menjadi sebab Allah lapangkan kehidupan dan murahkan rezeki.
Salah satu nama Allah, al-Fattah (Maha Membukakan) dikatakan dapat menjadi sebab dibukakan pintu rezeki jika diwiridkan selalu; misalnya dibaca “Ya Allah ya Fattah” berulang-ulang, diiringi doa: “Ya Allah, bukalah hati kami untuk mengenali-Mu, bukalah pintu rahmat dan keampunan-Mu, ya Fattah ya ‘Alim.” Ada juga hadis menyebut, siapa amalkan baca surah al-Waqi’ah setiap malam, dia tidak akan ditimpa kepapaan. Wallahu a’lam.
18. Berdoa
Berdoa menjadikan seorang hamba dekat dengan Allah, penuh bergantung dan mengharap pada rahmat dan pemberian dari-Nya. Dalam al-Quran, Allah suruh kita meminta kepada-Nya, nescaya Dia akan perkenankan.
19. Berikhtiar sehabisnya
Siapa berusaha, dia akan dapat. Ini sunnatullah. Dalam satu hadis sahih dikatakan bahawa Allah berikan dunia kepada orang yang dicintai-Nya dan yang tidak dicintai-Nya, tapi agama hanya Allah beri kepada orang yang dicintai-Nya saja. (Riwayat Ahmad, Ibnu Abi Syaibah dan al-Hakim)
Bagi orang beriman, tentulah dia perlu mencari sebab-sebab yang boleh membawa kepada murah rezeki dalam skop yang luas. Misalnya, hendak tenang dibacanya Quran, hendak dapat anak yang baik dididiknya sejak anak dalam rahim lagi, hendak sihat dijaganya pemakanan dan makan yang baik dan halal, hendak dapat jiran yang baik dia sendiri berusaha jadi baik, hendak rezeki berkat dijauhinya yang haram, dan sebagainya.
20. Bertawakal
Dengan tawakal, seseorang itu akan direzekikan rasa kaya dengan Allah. Firman-Nya: “Barang siapa bertawakal kepada Allah, nescaya Allah mencukupkan (keperluannya) .” (Surah at-Thalaq, ayat 3)
Nabi SAW bersabda: “Seandainya kamu bertawakal kepada Allah dengan sebenar-benar tawakal, nescaya kamu diberi rezeki seperti burung diberi rezeki, ia pagi hari lapar dan petang hari telah kenyang.” (Riwayat Ahmad, at-Tirmizi, Ibnu Majah, Ibnu Hibban, al-Hakim dari Umar bin al-Khattab r.a.)
Kesemua yang disebut di atas adalah amalan-amalan yang membawa kepada takwa. Dengan takwa, Allah akan beri “jalan keluar (dari segala perkara yang menyusahkan) , dan memberinya rezeki dari jalan yang tidak terlintas di hatinya.” (Surah at-Talaq, ayat 2-3)
Pendek kata, bagi orang Islam, untuk murah rezeki dalam ertikata yang sebenarnya, kuncinya adalah buat amalan-amalan takwa. Amalan-amalan ini menjadi sebab jatuhnya kasih sayang Allah, lalu Allah limpahi hamba-Nya dengan keluasan rezeki dan rasa kaya dengan pemberian-Nya.
Renung-renungkan dan marilah kita sama-sama beramal. Mudah-mudahan Allah SWT melimpah-ruahkan rezeki-Nya kepada kita. Amiin.* sumber dari blog shbt.
aahaa.. dpt tips.. apelagi? jom lakukan Anjakan !!
Monday, March 1, 2010
Let the dust settle
Household dust is one of the principal sources of indoor pollution. Floating dust can be breathed in by the occupants but much settles on floors and surfaces, where it is more of a threat to young children. They spend a great deal of their time on the floor and their frequent hand-to-mouth contact means that they ingest greater amounts of dust.
Settled house dust (SHD) consists of deposited indoor dust, biological material and particles trodden in from outside. It can contain all sorts of chemicals but one group of particular concern is the ubiquitous polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Several common PAHs are probable carcinogens and they have been detected in SHD.
Despite a broad knowledge of PAH sources, particularly the incomplete combustion of wood, fossil fuels, tobacco and food, it has been difficult to pinpoint the major source of PAHs in SHD. Now, a new research study carried out in the USA may have come up with the answer and it is all to do with parking lots.
Barbara Mahler and colleagues from the US Geological Survey in Austin and Denver, the Watershed Protection Department of the City of Austin, and Designs4Earth in Manchaca, Texas, were not worried about emissions from vehicles but from the lots themselves. Many parking lots are surfaced with asphalt which is treated after application with a sealant to improve the look and increase the lifetime of the surface.
Of the two common types of sealant used in the USA, one is based on an asphalt emulsion and the other on coal tar. It is known that the two have strikingly different PAH contents. The asphalt-based sealant has relatively low total PAH levels of 50 µg/g but the coal tar-based sealant is far more potent, containing median values of more than 50,000 µg/g PAHs.
This discrepancy is reflected in the PAH contents of dust swept up from parking lots, which contains typically 2.1 and 2200 µg/g PAHs, respectively. So, this is where the researchers focussed their efforts. They analysed dust collected from apartment parking lots with various surfaces and compared the results with SHD from the ground floor apartments adjacent to the lots. Dust collection took place in Austin, Texas, and more than 50% of the parking lots examined were coated with the coal tar-based sealant before it had been banned in 2006.
The dust was extracted for PAH analysis by GC/MS with electron ionisation in full-scan and SIM modes. The contents of the 16 PAHs defined in the US EPA priority pollutants lists were summed, as well as those of 7 PAHs recognised as probable carcinogens.
Dust from coal tar-sealed lots contained median concentrations of total PAHs of 4760 µg/g, about 530-fold higher than any other type of lot tested, in agreement with published work. The asphalt-coated, asphalt-uncoated and concrete-uncoated surfaces had statistically similar low PAHs contents.
The SHD from apartments adjacent to coal tar-coated parking lots had a median total PAH content of 129 µg/g. This value was about 25 times higher than SHD from apartments adjacent to the other types of lot and exceeded reported values for total PAHs in most other studies.
In previous work, some researchers have recognised the high PAH levels in SHD but have been unable to figure out their sources. Mahler and the team thought that coal tar sealcoat "might be that source."
In support of that prediction, a statistical analysis revealed that the absence or presence of an associated coal tar-sealed parking lot accounted for 48% of the variance in total PAHs in SHD. A number of other factors were examined to try and make up the difference and a second factor explained 60% of the difference when considered with the coal tar sealant. This was the intensity of urban land use that considered the contribution of residential buildings, commercial premises, offices, warehouses, streets and roads.
Other factors such as the vehicle emissions, the frequency of vacuuming, indoor fires, the amount of carpets, and the presence of PCs appeared to have insignificant contributions.
The 7 PAHs that are probably carcinogenic also had relatively high median concentrations of 47 µg/g in SHD from apartments beside coal tar-sealed lots. This has serious health implications.
Published work on the non-dietary exposure of preschool children to these PAHs in the USA was based on levels of 1-2 µg/g in SHD, far lower than this new data, greatly under-estimating exposure levels. PAHs in settled household dust represent the greatest source for infants living in apartments in these particular locations and should be taken into account in future models.
Related Links:
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Environmental Science and Technology 2010, 44, 894-900: "Coal-tar-based parking lot sealcoat: An unrecognized source of PAH to settled house dust"
Ionic liquids for the GC of biodiesel blends
Biodiesel was the first advanced biofuel to make it to market, where it is generally sold as blends with petroleum distillates. It has already become a significant alternative fuel due to three main factors: its sources, lack of toxic content, and combustion characteristics.
The fuel is produced from domestic renewable resources such as vegetable oils, recycled cooking oils, animal fats and, lately, algae. Contrary to one of the most common criticisms, biodiesel production does not contribute to land clearage for new crops because it is produced from co-products of existing crops. So, rather than contributing to greenhouse gas emissions, it reduces lifecycle carbon emissions by 60-80%. This makes it "the best carbon reduction tool of any liquid fuel commercially available" according to the US National Biodiesel Board.
Apart from assuring its biodegradability, the biological sources ensure that there are no toxic sulphur or nitrogen compounds present. In diesel engines, a blend of 20% biodiesel in petroleum (B20) showed similar fuel consumption, horsepower, torque and haulage rates as conventional diesel fuel over 50 million miles of tests. Biodiesel also has superior lubricity as well as the highest BTU content of any alternative fuel.
Biodiesel consists of mixtures of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) and their quantities in blends is gauged by one of two official methods. ASTM D7371 uses mid-IR spectroscopy to assess FAME levels of 1-20% whereas the European UNI EN 14331 procedure measures the FAME profile using HPLC fractionation followed by GC. The latter procedure has been used for middle distillates containing up to 5% FAMEs but it is relatively complex and time consuming.
Italian scientists have developed an alternative method for measuring FAMEs in biodiesel blends that is quicker and simpler and can be applied to blends containing up to 40% esters. Luigi Mondello, Carla Ragonese, Peter Quinto Tranchida and Danilo Sciarrone from the University of Messina and University Campus Biomedico of Rome used GC-FID in a procedure that required no pre-fractionation of the fuel blend.
Their method relies on an ionic liquid as stationary phase. This is not a novel concept for GC, with reports of ionic liquids being used for the separation of PAHs, essential oils and chlorinated pesticides. Their low volatility, good wetting properties, high thermal stability and selectivity towards particular classes enhance their suitability.
Mondello and colleagues used a commercial column containing 1,9-di(3-vinylimidazolium)nonane bis(trifluoromethyl)sulphonylimidate (SLB-IL100). In initial experiments using a 30 m column, it performed better on a mixture of C4-C24 FAMEs than a conventional 100% polyethylene glycol (PEG) stationary phase under the same conditions.
Resolution was good for both columns but the ionic liquid column accomplished the separation in a quicker time, the C24 methyl ester eluting after 48 minutes, compared with 65 minutes on the PEG column. In addition, plots of the elution temperatures versus the carbon number revealed that the ionic liquid column should elute the C32 methyl ester at its highest operating temperature (230°C) compared with the C28 ester for the PEG column at its maximum temperature of 280°C.
The polarity of the IL100 column was calculated to be 4437, almost double that of the PEG column and even greater than that of the highly polar tris(2-cyanoethoxy)propane stationary phase.
For the analysis of B20 blends, each FAME eluted separately on a 30 m IL100 column without interference from the other more polar diesel components such as PAHs. In contrast, the PEG column brought about coelution of some components.
The same good separation was achieved with a 12 m IL100 column, but in a fraction of the time, taking just 2.5 minutes to elute the FAMEs.
The FAME contents in a soybean B20 blend were measured on the 12 and 30 m columns from calibration curves, based on the peak areas of each component corrected for detector response. The calibrations curves were linear for both columns up to 40% (by volume) of FAMES.
Both columns gave low coefficients of variation for retention time and concentration and very similar contents for each of 6 FAMEs. The methyl esters of linoleic, oleic, palmitic, linolenic, stearic and eicosanoic acid were present at 55.4-56.1, 21.5-21.8, 12.7-11.8, 6.3-6.6, 3.3-3.0 and 0.7%, respectively.
The ionic liquid GC stationary phase gave excellent performance in short and long GC columns, its high polarity ensuring complete separation of the target FAMEs from each other and the diesel hydrocarbons in a faster time than conventional GC columns. Combined with the absence of a pre-fractionation step, the method should be useful for the routine quality control of biodiesel blends.
Related Links:
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Journal of Chromatography A 2009, 1216, 8992-8997: "Conventional and fast gas chromatography analysis of biodiesel blends using an ionic liquid stationary phase"
Cobalt dispersive extraction with ionic liquids
Cobalt is an essential element for humans, being part of vitamin B12, one of the few natural compounds that possess a carbon-metal bond. It is also an important industrial chemical and finds its way into the environment via effluents, where it can pose a danger to wildlife and humans. Cobalt is a suspected carcinogen and some of its compounds are toxic.
The conventional method for measuring levels of cobalt in environmental and biological samples is electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS), which has good sensitivity and relatively low cost. It is a routine and well-established technique but sometimes needs a little help when cobalt levels are very low. Preconcentration and sample clean up of trace cobalt is often required before analysis can proceed.
One extraction technique for cobalt that has found favour recently involves the use of room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs). They have been used in single drop microextraction, where a complexing agent traps the metal ions before transfer to the extraction drop. However, the limited reproducibility encountered in published methods, combined with break-up of the drops led some research groups to examine the use of ionic liquids in the larger-volume dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME).
One complexing agent used to trap cobalt ions was 1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol but it showed limited sensitivity towards metals, despite having favourable stability constants. An alternative naphthol has now been tested by researchers in Argentina, who found that 1-nitroso-2-naphthol (1N2N) has excellent selectivity and sensitivity.
Rodolfo Wuilloud and Paula Berton from the Laboratory of Environmental Research and Services of Mendoza (LISAMEN), part of the National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), and the National University of Cuyo, Mendoza, optimised the extraction of cobalt for subsequent analysis by ETAAS.
The RTIL was selected from three candidates on the basis of its viscosity and solubility in water. 1-Hexyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate was preferred over the butyl and octyl analogues.
For method optimisation, cobalt(II) standard solutions were mixed with 1N2N, acetate buffer (pH 4.0), sodium nitrate and surfactant to form the Co-1N2N complex. The solution was cooled over ice and adjusted to pH 2 with hydrochloric acid before addition of the ionic liquid as extractant and methanol as dispersant for DLLME. Dispersion of the RTIL into the aqueous sample expanded the contact area between the two phases.
After a suitable extraction period in the region of 7 minutes, the solutions were centrifuged to separate the phases and the RTIL was withdrawn, dissolved in methanol and analysed.
The amount of the RTIL required for 100% extraction efficiency was minimised to avoid the possibility of interfering in the ETAAS assay. For 40-80 mg cobalt and 0.5 ml methanol, recoveries of 100% were achieved with 60 mg of the ionic liquid.
The other extraction conditions were also optimised for the extraction of cobalt, including the sample volume (7.5 ml), the pH for complex formation (4.0) and the temperature for complex formation (50°C). The pH for extraction of the cobalt-1N2N complex was set to 2.0 to eliminate the co-extraction of other metal species that might form complexes with 1N2N.
Under these conditions, the cobalt detection limit in ETAAS was 3.8 ng/l with a r.s.d. value of 3.4%.
The optimised procedure was used to extract cobalt from domestic tap water, river water, human saliva and, following digestion with peroxide under UV light, human urine. Saliva is an important and non-invasive medium for monitoring cobalt that has leached out from dental cast alloys and devices such as orthodontic wires.
Recoveries over the whole range of samples were 97-103% and cobalt was found in all cases apart from two saliva samples. For 4 samples of each type, cobalt levels were 0.45-0.57 (tap water), 0.53-0.65 (river water), 0-0.15 (saliva) and 0.32-0.92 µg/l (urine).
The DLLME method for extracting cobalt from aqueous samples following complexation with 1-nitroso-2-naphthol presents a new, green procedure that provides high efficiency with short extraction times. It is suitable for ETAAS, the standard technique for measuring trace levels of metals in biological samples.
Related links:
* Analytica Chimica Acta 2010, 662, 155-162: "Highly selective ionic liquid-based microextraction method for sensitive trace cobalt determination in environmental and biological samples"
Tobacco acids reacted in syringe
One of the recently developed microextraction techniques that have been designed to replace large-volume solvent extractions is single drop microextraction (SDME). By definition, it uses one drop of solvent to accomplish the extraction of volatile compounds, by holding the drop in the headspace above the sample, or by immersing the drop in the liquid sample. In the latter case, the drop and the sample should be immiscible liquids, or the drop will be lost.
The drop is generally held at the end of a microsyringe during extraction, then withdrawn into the syringe when extraction is completed. SDME has the advantage of requiring very small volumes of organic solvent, reducing the environmental impact compared with liquid-liquid extractions, and cutting the cost of the procedure.
Since the compounds extracted from the headspace are volatile, one of the commonly used analytical techniques is GC/MS. With judicial selection of the solvent, the drop can be injected directly from the syringe into the inlet. However, not all volatile compounds are suitable for immediate analysis by GC/MS, due to their polar nature, so a derivatisation step may be required.
One solution devised by a group of Chinese scientists is in-drop derivatisation, in which the derivatising agent is dissolved in the extraction solvent before SDME begins. As soon as the compounds are adsorbed into the drop, their derivatisation begins, removing the need for a separate derivatisation step. Once reaction is deemed to be complete, the contents can be injected into the GC/MS system.
The same team began to study the content of volatile organic acids in cigarette tobacco, using SDME for extraction. These straight-chain and branched acids, such as formic, acetic and butyric acid up to heptanoic acid, would need to be derivatised for subsequent GC/MS analysis. The researchers chose the standard, highly efficient agent, bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA), but it is too volatile to remain in the drop for in-drop derivatisation SDME.
So, they adopted a recently developed technique called in-syringe derivatisation in which the reagents could be held in a controlled space. Following SDME, the drop is withdrawn into the microsyringe before a small volume of BSTFA is also drawn in. The plunger is moved gently up and down to encourage mixing and reaction within the syringe.
Optimisation of the method using standard solutions of the acids was described in the Journal of Separation Science by Da Wu, Yunfei Sha and Yichun Zhang from the Shanghai Tobacco (Group) Corporation Technical Center and Jiaoran Meng and Chunhui Deng from Fudan University, Shanghai. The acids were analysed by GC/MS in selected ion monitoring mode.
Of the three preferred solvents for SDME, decane was selected because dodecane and heptadecane interfered with the organic acid derivatives. Using an extraction volume of 1 µL, equilibrium was achieved within 30 s. The optimal conditions for in-syringe derivatisation were a BSTFA volume of 0.8 µL and a reaction time of 3 min at room temperature.
The recoveries of 10 organic acids were 92.2-108.1% and the detection limits ranged from 0.10-3.37 µg/g. Linear calibration curves were obtained and the repeatabilities were less than 15.2%.
The optimised method was applied to the organic acids in cigarette tobacco removed from 7 commercial brands, using hexanoic acid-d11 as an internal standard. All 10 acids were found: formic, acetic, propionic, butyric, isobutyric, isovaleric, valeric, isocaproic, caproic and heptanoic acid.
The proportions of the acids differed from brand to brand but the two most abundant in all cases were formic and acetic acid. The third most abundant acid varied between propionic, butyric, isobutyric and isovaleric acid. The C2-C7 organic acids are important flavour components of tobacco, so this data is important in assessing the odour and flavour of the individual brands.
SDME with in-syringe derivatisation proved to be a simple, rapid and low-cost method using minimal solvent for the extraction and derivatisation of volatile organic acids for subsequent GC/MS analysis. It provides an alternative to in-drop derivatisation for reagents such as BSTFA that are too volatile.
Related links:
* Journal of Separation Science 2010, 33, 212-217: "Determination of volatile organic acids in tobacco by single-drop microextraction with in-syringe derivatization followed by GC-MS"
Chiral separation of fruity flavonoids
Citrus fruits are promoted as one of the healthy eating options. In the UK, they are options within the five-a-day programme of the Department of Health in which people are encouraged to eat at least five portions of fruit and vegetables a day to "help reduce the risk of some cancers, heart disease and many other chronic conditions."
Like other types of healthy food, the active components in citrus are flavonoids which have been recognised to impart many health benefits. Bioflavonoids are also referred to collectively as vitamin P, although they are not actually vitamins, probably due to their health-promoting properties.
The predominant flavonoid in lemons and oranges is a compound called hesperidin. It is concentrated in the white, membranous parts and the peel and has been credited with antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anticancer and analgesic properties, among others.
Chemically, hesperidin consists of a flavanone component joined to a sugar group through the oxygen atom at the 7-position to give the rhamnoglucoside. After ingestion, the sugar group is removed in the gut to leave the parent flavanone, 3',5,7-trihydroxy-4'-methoxyflavanone, also known as hesperetin.
In order to study the actions and effects of hesperidin in the human body, scientists need to study hesperetin, the active metabolite. There are a number of reported studies on its bioactivity but they fail to take into account the chiral nature of the compound. Hesperetin exists as two enantiomers, the (R)- and (S)-forms, which will have different properties, so should be considered independently.
Scientists from Italy and Algeria recently succeeded in separating the enantiomers of several flavanones and their glycosides, including hesperetin and hesperidin, using nano-LC. They used a specially prepared chiral column, based on phenylcarbamate-modified propyl-beta-cyclodextrin, which provided baseline resolution of most of the enantiomeric pairs.
By switching from the conventional HPLC column with an internal diameter of 4.6 mm, to a nano column with an internal diameter of 100 µm, the sensitivity was increased by about 2000-fold. In addition, the switch rendered the procedure more environmentally friendly, due to the reduced volumes of the stationary phase and phases.
Now, the team has applied the column to determine the enantiomers of hesperetin in human urine after the consumption of orange juice. Salvatore Fanali and colleagues from the Institute of Chemical Methodologies of the Italian National Council of Research in Rome and the University of Science and Technology Houari Boumediene in Algiers transferred the optimised conditions from their previous work.
The mobile phase consisted of triethylamine acetate buffer (pH 4.5) in 70% aqueous methanol at room temperature. The retention times of the (R)- and (S)-isomers were 9 and 12 minutes, respectively, and no interfering peaks were observed from orange juice or urine. The LC instrument was fitted with a UV detector operating at 205 nm.
7-Ethoxycoumarin was added as an internal standard, eluting after 7 minutes. The detection limits were 0.1 µg/L for each enantiomer and linear calibration curves were obtained over 0.25-25 µg/mL. Recoveries were higher than 82%.
Under these conditions, the (R)- and (S)-enantiomers of hesperetin and hesperidin were first measured in a high quality commercial blood orange juice. Hesperetin was not detected, confirming that the flavanone exits in orange juice in its conjugated form only. The concentrations of (R)- and (S)-hesperidin were found to be high, at 112.81 and 599.55 mg/L, respectively.
A volunteer drank 1 L of the orange juice and urine was collected at intervals over 24 hours for analysis after hydrolysis. Both enantiomers appeared in urine after about 2 hours, maximised after 7 hours then fell back sharply, returning to zero after 24 hours.
The total amounts of (R)- and (S)-hesperetin excreted corresponded to 6.44 and 3.55% of the original orange juice content and most of this, 87 and 91% respectively, was excreted in the busy period from 4-8 hours.
Based on the speed, simplicity, accuracy and relatively low cost of the method, the researchers proposed the use of hesperetin as a biomarker for citrus juice uptake. It could be used in clinical studies of the bioactivity of hesperetin and could be extended to other flavanones, once their separation on the chiral column has been confirmed.
Related links:
* Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 2010, 51, 225-229: "Analysis of hesperetin enantiomers in human urine after ingestion of blood orange juice by using nano-liquid chromatography"
Barbecue with toxins on the side
Rain, sleet, snow and freezing temperatures. This time of year seems a lifetime away from the balmy summer evenings when we were lounging outside enjoying the delights of a barbecue. The smell of grilled meat and smoky charcoal wafting through the air is the essence of summer to many people.
The best position at an outdoor barbecue is a few feet upwind, so that the smoke is drifting away but odours of the cooking food still manage to percolate the area. The macho position in control over the barbecue is reckoned by some to be the worst of all, as it is accompanied by a surplus of heat from the equipment and frequent lungsful of smoke.
These considerations are not without foundation. Not only are the smoke particles a health hazard, but they are accompanied by harmful series of compounds originating from the cooking food and the charcoal itself. Outdoors, these will quickly disperse after they have blown over the chef but indoors, they can accumulate in the air and reach dangerous concentrations.
The indoor problem is not as odd as it sounds. In Asia, there are special barbecue-style restaurants where the customers cook their own food at their tables. It is likely that any volatile compounds will remain in the restaurant and be inhaled by the patrons. Carbon monoxide, toxic carbonyl compounds and aromatic hydrocarbons are some of the potential pollutants.
The emission of these groups of compounds from charcoal has been investigated by scientists from Sejong University and Korea University in Seoul and was described by senior reporter Ki-Hyun Kim in the Journal of Hazardous Materials. The team studied 16 barbecue charcoals originating from Korea, Indonesia, China and Malaysia, all of which are commonly available in Korea.
Samples of each charcoal were burned in a combustor and the emissions were collected in a Tedlar bag. For volatile hydrocarbons, the trapped gases were passed to a cold trap before thermal desorption and GC-FID analysis. The levels of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, m/p-xylene and styrene were measured.
For carbonyl compounds, the gases were passed through a dinitrophenylhydrazine cartridge to convert them to hydrazones, before elution with acetonitrile. The mixtures were analysed by HPLC with UV detection at 360 nm. A C18 column was used to separate the hydrazones with an isocratic mobile phase of aqueous acetonitrile and they were quantified from calibration curves. The detection limits ranged from 0.92 to 1.16 ppb for formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acrolein, acetone, propionaldehyde, crotonaldehyde, butyraldehyde, benzaldehyde and valeraldehyde.
Smokes from all of the charcoals contained large amounts of aromatic hydrocarbons. The amounts varied with the country of origin with Korean charcoal the highest emitter, having a total of all C6-C16 hydrocarbons of 7160 ppb, compared with 3270, 510 and 315 ppb for Indonesian, Chinese and Malaysian charcoal. Toluene and benzene were the most abundant hydrocarbons at mean levels of 116 and 98.7 ppb.
With the carbonyl compounds, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acetone were consistently above the detection limit for all samples, the other carbonyls being present in some, but not all, samples. Formaldehyde and acetaldehyde, at mean levels of 275 and 126 ppb, were the most abundant. The pattern of emissions differed to that of the hydrocarbons, with Chinese charcoal the worst emitter.
The mean levels of nearly all of the compounds tested were below the permissible exposure levels (PELs) for short-term exposure set by the US Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OHSA). The exception was formaldehyde, for which 11 of the 16 samples exceeded the PEL.
The VOC and carbonyl content will be dependent upon the type of wood used to manufacture the charcoal and the presence of other constituents. For instance, vegetable wastes, paper mill residues and scrap wood from furniture or wood flooring are often employed. In addition, coal dust is added as a heat source, along with sodium nitrate to improve ignition and lighter fuel in quick-light brands.
Bearing in mind the acute irritation caused by low levels of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde, and the carcinogenicity of aldehyde, the researchers recommended the introduction of controls on the use of barbecue charcoal to reduce potential health risks. This is especially the case for charcoals produced from improper materials, such as furniture or wood panelling, which may have been painted or lacquered and will release extra pollutants upon combustion.
Related links:
* Journal of Hazardous Materials 2010, 174, 492-499: "Barbecue charcoal combustion as a potential source of aromatic volatile organic compounds and carbonyls"
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